Lane专栏｜还在为孩子不开口说英语发愁？你out辣！

The Stages of Second Language Acquisition

第二语言习得的不同阶段

There are many individual differences in how young children take on the task of learning a second language. Highly motivated children, children with more exposure to the new language, or children who have more outgoing personalities may speak quickly, while more passive and quiet children may spend more time listening and rationalizing information. In fact, some children may spend six months in the nonverbal period, while others may start to use social words right away.

每个孩子学习第二语言的方式有许多不同。学习外语意愿强的、接触外语比较多的或者性格外向的孩子可能会更快地开口说英语；相比之下，性格偏内向的和安静的孩子可能会用更多的时间来听英语和思考知识。实际上，在最初学习英语的阶段，一些孩子可能会半年时间都处于“无声学习”阶段，而另外一些孩子可能一开始学习，马上就开口交流了。

As a parent， it is very important to set realistic goals for your child’s second language learning. The alternative to setting realistic goals is to put too much or too little pressure on your child- both of which have negative results.A child with too much pressure speaks less in class and is afraid to makemistakes. A child with too little pressure does not behave well in class anddoes not value the importance of learning, making the process slower and lessvaluable to the child.

作为父母，为孩子设立“实际有效”的的语言学习目标非常重要。目标定的过高或者过低都会给孩子的学习带来负面影响。如果目标过于难以实现，孩子会有很大压力，导致他们讲英语更少，在课堂上也会因为怕犯错而不敢表达。如果目标过于容易达到，孩子的压力就很小，他们在课堂上容易因轻视学习而不认真，导致整个学习过程缓慢并且价值降低。

Mastering a second language is a decade long process for those of us not blessed with photographic memories and genius-level IQs. While there is no true formula toset perfect second language acquisition goals, understanding the second language acquisition process is an important step in the right direction.

对于没有过目不忘能力和天才智商的孩子来说，第二语言的习得是一个漫长的过程。对于第二语言的学习，并没有一个完美的“公式”来指导家长为孩子设立学习目标，这时，理解孩子习得第二语言的过程和规律对与把握学习的正确方向尤为重要。

Stage I: Pre-production

阶段一：语言输出前期

持续时间：0-6个月

This is the silent period. Students may understand many words but are not yet readyto speak. Many students will, however, repeat after the teacher. While this is not exactly producing language, it is a step in the right direction. Parents should be respectful of their child’s pre-production stage, as this is thechild’s first experience with a foreign language and will affect the way they approach language learning for the rest of their life. Remember- an act assimple as imitating, repeating, or nonverbally following a command is a huge step in second language learning.

这是孩子学习英语的安静时期。学生也许理解很多单词的意思，但是还没有准备好要把这些单词说出来。虽然许多学生仅仅会跟着老师重复内容，但是这个经历非常宝贵，因为这个阶段会对学生今后学习英语产生很大影响。请记住：模仿、重复或者安静地执行老师的口令等行为对于第二语言的初学者来说，是一个巨大的飞跃呢！

（小编语：建议爸爸妈妈对孩子“语言输出前期”的行为多加鼓励和引导，如“这次你跟老师一起读单词，发音又清晰很多了呢，赞！”“这次老师的指令你都做到啦！”而“你怎么只会跟老师重复一样的内容？”类似的话是绝对不要的哦！）

Stage II: Early Production

阶段二：早期语言输出时期

持续时间：6个月-1年

The student begins to speak using short wordsand sentences, but the emphasis is still on listening and absorbing the newlanguage. There will be many errors in the early production stage. During this stage, students can usually speak in one- or two-wordphrases. They can use short dialogues that have been memorized, although thesedialogues may not always be used correctly.

学生开始输出短的单词和句子，但是学习的重点还是在“听”英语和“吸收”新的语言信息。在“早期语言输出时期”，学生会犯更多的错误。在这个阶段，学生通常可以说出一个或者两个单词的短语。他们可以运用他们背下来的对话，虽然可能用得不怎么正确。

For many ESL students, reading skills grow faster than readingcomprehension. Just because the student can read it, doesn’t mean theyunderstand it.

对于多数的英语为第二语言的学习者来说，阅读技能比阅读理解技能发展得快，这是因为孩子能“认得”内容，却还不能“理解”内容。

Stage III: Speech Emergence

阶段三：语言表达萌芽期

持续时间：1-3年

Speech becomes more frequent, words and sentencesare longer, but the student still relies heavily on context clues and familiartopics. Vocabulary continues to increase and errors begin to decrease, especiallyin common or repeated interactions. Students will ask simple questions that may or maynot be grammatically correct but will take learning to the next level byallowing the student to gain clarity about an interesting or confusing topic. Students will understand easy stories read in class with the support of pictures.

学生的口头表达变得更加频繁，表达中运用的单词和句子也更长，但是他们仍然非常依赖线索性内容和熟悉的话题。这时候，学生的词汇量增加，同时表达的错误减少，尤其是在日常的表达或者重复性的对话中，更是明显。这个时期，学生会问简单的英语问题。虽然提问的语法可能正确也可能有错误，但是允许孩子在一个有趣或者奇怪的话题讨论中受益，会让孩子的学习迈向崭新的阶段。这个时期，学生可以在图片的帮助下，读懂简单的英文故事。

Stage IV: Intermediate Fluency

阶段四：语言表达萌芽期

持续时间：3-5年

Students are beginning to use more complex sentences when speaking and writing and are willing to express opinions and share their thoughts. The student will ask questions to clarify what they are learning in class. These English language learners will be able to work in grade level math and science classes with some teacher support. At this stage, students will uses trategies from their native language to learn content in English. Students at this stage will have many grammatical errors while writing as they attempt tomaster grammar and sentence structure.

学生口头或者笔头用英语表达自己的观点和想法的时候，开始使用更加复杂的句式。在课堂上，学生会通过用英语提问的形式来搞清楚自己学习的内容。这时候，学生可以在老师的帮助下，用英语学习合适等级的数学和科学内容。在这个阶段，学生会结合用母语学习的内容来学习英文（比如，用英语技能来表达用母语学过的地理知识）。这个阶段，学生因为想努力掌握正确的语法和句式，所以在英文写作中仍然会犯很多语法错误。

Stage V: Advanced Fluency

阶段五：语言表达流畅时期

持续时间：5-7年

It takes a student from 4-10 years to achieve cognitive academic language proficiency in a second language. Student at this stage will be near-native in their ability to perform in content area learning.

对于第二外语的学习，要达到“认知熟练”的程度（指的是学生可以不通过过多的思考和语言组织，就可以流利地表达），需要一个学生花费4-10年的时间。在语言表达流畅时期，学生会用更接近母语的方式，进行不同学科的学习（如在美国的大学里和学生老师无障碍沟通、学习）。

*阶段二：指文章中的【早期语言输出】时期，即学生开始输出短的单词和句子，但是学习的重点还是在“听”英语和“吸收”新的语言信息。

回复“001” 查看《开篇语 | 英文阅读，让孩子有更好的情感体验》

回复“002” 查看《Lane教育札记｜听说重要还是读写重要》

回复“003” 查看《VIPKID原创｜适合中国孩子的分级阅读表（收藏版）》

回复“004” 查看《Lane教育札记| 在家中鼓励孩子阅读的小窍门！》

回复“005” 查看《美国老师 Rebecca 观点｜你可知道“好奇阅读法”？》

回复“006” 查看《Lane专栏 | 零基础，照样和孩子畅读英文书——附简单可操作的阅读方案》

回复“007” 查看《Lane专栏｜如何和孩子悦读“自然拼读书籍”，既开心又学知识？》

回复“008” 查看《Lane推荐｜美国小孩的阅读量究竟有多大？》